Associations among gastroesophageal reflux disease, mental disorders, sleep and chronic temporomandibular disorder: A case–control study

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a family of pain-related disorders associated with impaired function in the jaw, temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication. Our objectives were to evaluate the association between chronic TMD and gastresopha-geal reflux disease (GERD) and to determine whether mental disorders or undermined sleep mediates this association. METHODS: We conducted a case–control study involving 1522 consecutive adult patients with chronic TMD and 1522 matched controls from 2 hospitals in China. All participants were aged between 18 and 70 years and were recruited from July 2017 to April 2018 Chronic TMD was diagnosed by trained dentists using the criteria in the Orofacial Pain Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment Study. Trained gastroenterologists made blinded diagnoses of GERD according to the Montreal definition and classification (at least 2 d of mild symptoms, or 1 d of moderate or severe symptoms per week). We used validated questionnaires to evaluate psychological status and sleep quality. RESULTS: Of the study participants, we identified 132 patients and 61 controls with GERD. Using conditional logistic regression analysis, we identified GERD as a risk factor for TMD (odds ratio 2.74, 95% confidence interval 1.88 to 3.98). Mediation analyses identified that somatization, anxiety and undermined sleep moderately mediated the relation between TMD and GERD. INTERPRETATION: Our study suggests that symptomatic GERD is associated with chronic, painful TMD, and somatization, anxiety and undermined sleep mediate this association to a certain extent. Due consideration should be given to the evaluation and management of gastrointestinal symptoms and mental disorders in the combined therapy for painful TMD.