Cardiogenic shock during heart failure hospitalizations: Age-, sex-, and race-stratified trends in incidence and outcomes

The objectives were to study the overall and age-, sex-, and race-stratified incidence of cardiogenic shock (CS)during heart failure hospitalizations (HFHs)not complicated by acute coronary syndromes (ACS), utilization of short-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS)and in-hospital mortality with non–ACS-related CS, and respective temporal trends. Data are lacking regarding the epidemiology of non–ACS-related CS during HFHs. Methods: Retrospective observational analysis of the National Inpatient Sample 2005-2014 to identify all HFHs in adult patients without concomitant ACS. Results: Of 8,333,752 HFHs, incidence rate of non–ACS-related CS was 8.7 per thousand HFHs (N = 72,668), a 4-fold increase from 4.1 to 15.6 per thousand HFHs between 2005 and 2014 (P _trend <.001). Among those with non–ACS-related CS, utilization rates of intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and temporary ventricular assist devices were 12.8%, 1.4%, and 2.5%, respectively. Respective 2005 to 2014 trends were 14.2% to 10.7%, 0.6% to 1.8%, and 0.8% to 2.7% (P _trend for all, <.001). In-hospital mortality rate was 27.1%, with a substantial decrease from 42.4% in 2005 to 23.3% in 2014 (P _trend <.001). These temporal trends were largely consistent across age, sex, and race subgroups. Conclusion: During HFHs in the United States, non–ACS-related CS occurred infrequently but was associated with substantial mortality. Non–ACS-related CS incidence and certain MCS utilization rates increased, and in-hospital mortality rate decreased between 2005 and 2014. These trends were generally homogenous across the age, sex, and race groups. The observed trends in incidence and mortality may be a reflection of increased identification of CS during HFHs, although further study is needed to assess whether temporal changes in care may have influenced outcomes.