Efficient stabilization of Cu⁺ ions in phosphate glasses via reduction of Cu²⁺ by Sn²⁺ during ambient atmosphere melting

Engineering & Materials Science

• Air 21%
• Antioxidants 26%
• Copper 31%
• Glass 61%
• Ions 71%
• Light absorption 29%
• Lighting 15%
• Liquids 13%
• Melting 74%
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 29%
• Oxides 33%
• Phosphates 89%
• Photoluminescence spectroscopy 40%
• Photonics 22%
• Reducing agents 26%
• Solar cells 20%
• Solubility 21%
• Stabilization 65%
• Sugar (sucrose) 28%
• Tin 22%
• Waveguides 19%

Chemical Compounds

• Absorptivity 18%
• Amount 16%
• Antioxidant Agent 14%
• Application 6%
• Copper(II) Oxide 29%
• Glass 40%
• Ion 30%
• Liquid 10%
• Luminiscence Type 13%
• Melting 67%
• Oxide 10%
• Phosphate Glass 100%
• Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 19%
• Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 21%
• Reaction Yield 7%
• Reducing Agent 17%
• Reduction 35%
• Solar Cell 16%
• Sucrose 18%