Evaluating potentially modifiable risk factors for prevalent and incident nocturia in older adults

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations between nocturia and potentially modifiable risk factors in older adults. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data. SETTING: Respondents were selected using population-based sampling, drawing from a single Michigan county in 1983. They were followed through 1990. PARTICIPANTS: Community-living adults aged 60 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Episodes of nocturia, development of nocturia at 2 years after baseline survey, age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, drinking fluids before bedtime, amount of fluid intake before bedtime, diuretic use, and 24-hour coffee intake. All measures were self-reported. RESULTS: Bivariate cross-sectional analysis revealed significant associations with two or more episodes of nocturia for hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-2.1), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.1-2.0), diuretic use (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3-2.1), age (OR = 1.05 per additional year over 60, 95% 1.03-1.06), and number of cups of coffee (OR = 0.93 for each cup of coffee, 95% CI = 0.89-0.97). In multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.2-1.9), diuretic use (OR = 1.3, 95% 95% CI = 1.0-1.7), and age (OR = 1.04 per additional year over 60, 95% 1.03-1.06) were independently associated with two or more nocturia episodes per night. No baseline factors predicted future development of nocturia (save for age, in one model). CONCLUSION: Hypertension, older age, and diuretic use were independently associated with two or more episodes of nocturia in cross-sectional analysis. No baseline factor was related to the development of nocturia over a 2-year interval in this sample. Nighttime fluid intake and coffee intake, practices providers commonly target in patients with nocturia, were not associated with nocturia in this population-based sample of community-living older adults.