Extracellular DNA as potential contributors to pathological calcification

Some biomolecules involved in pathological calcification have been identified. However, the exact mechanism in which this intricate process occurs remains unknown. Extracellular DNA (exDNA) has recently been recognized as a partaker in this ectopic phenomenon. Extracellular DNA acts as an intercellular messenger that transmits information and orchestrates complex inflammatory responses. Changes in the morphology or function of exDNA may trigger calcification under pathological conditions. In the present review, recent advances on how DNA is released into the extracellular milieu to become exDNA will be highlighted in conjunction with how exDNA directly and indirectly contributes to the progression of pathological calcification. Emphasis is placed on the “gluing” effect of neutrophil extracellular traps that act as a bridge between inflammation and pathological calcification. Manipulation of exDNA may open new vistas for the development of enterprising strategies that prevent or treat pathological calcification.