TY - JOUR
T1 - Innate lymphoid cells
T2 - a paradigm for low SSI in cleft lip repair
AU - Simmerman, Erika
AU - Qin, Xu
AU - Marshall, Brendan
AU - Perry, Libby
AU - Cai, Lei
AU - Wang, Tailing
AU - Yu, Jack C
AU - Akbari, Omid
AU - Baban, Babak
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by institutional funds (provided to B.B.) and the Milford B. Hatcher Endowment (provided to J.Y.). The authors are grateful to Dr Joe Hall, Mrs. Michelle Barnes, and Miss Edwina Terrell for their administrative support.
PY - 2016/10/1
Y1 - 2016/10/1
N2 - Background Cleft lip and palate reconstructions demonstrate significantly lower surgical site infection rates compared with clean-contaminated cases, prompting investigation into the pathophysiology causing this discrepancy. Recent studies have identified a new group of innate lymphocytes called innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), located in barrier surfaces of the skin, airways, and intestine. Our objectives were to explore for the first time the presence of ILCs in the vermillion of neonates and young children undergoing cleft lip reconstruction and characterize their composition by measuring the three classes of ILCs. Materials and methods Lip tissue samples were collected from 13 subjects undergoing vermillion resection during cleft lip reconstructive surgery. Preparative, transmission electron microscopy, and analytical flow cytometry were performed. The functionality of ILCs was tested in terms of their capacity to produce type 1 (IFN-γ/TNF-α), type 2 (IL-5/IL-13), and type 3 (IL-17/IL-22) cytokines. Data were analyzed using Student t test or the analysis of variance to establish significance (P < 0.05) among groups for all other data. Results All three classes of ILCs were detected and visualized in the tissue samples. In all samples, the level of ILC2 subset was significantly higher than the other two ILC subsets (P < 0.01), followed by the ILC1 subset, which was present in significantly higher levels than the ILC3 subset (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our data place ILCs for the first time in the interface of oral mucosal immunity, tissue microenvironment, and homeostasis during and after tissue development, possibly explaining lower infection rates in cleft lip or palate reconstructions.
AB - Background Cleft lip and palate reconstructions demonstrate significantly lower surgical site infection rates compared with clean-contaminated cases, prompting investigation into the pathophysiology causing this discrepancy. Recent studies have identified a new group of innate lymphocytes called innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), located in barrier surfaces of the skin, airways, and intestine. Our objectives were to explore for the first time the presence of ILCs in the vermillion of neonates and young children undergoing cleft lip reconstruction and characterize their composition by measuring the three classes of ILCs. Materials and methods Lip tissue samples were collected from 13 subjects undergoing vermillion resection during cleft lip reconstructive surgery. Preparative, transmission electron microscopy, and analytical flow cytometry were performed. The functionality of ILCs was tested in terms of their capacity to produce type 1 (IFN-γ/TNF-α), type 2 (IL-5/IL-13), and type 3 (IL-17/IL-22) cytokines. Data were analyzed using Student t test or the analysis of variance to establish significance (P < 0.05) among groups for all other data. Results All three classes of ILCs were detected and visualized in the tissue samples. In all samples, the level of ILC2 subset was significantly higher than the other two ILC subsets (P < 0.01), followed by the ILC1 subset, which was present in significantly higher levels than the ILC3 subset (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our data place ILCs for the first time in the interface of oral mucosal immunity, tissue microenvironment, and homeostasis during and after tissue development, possibly explaining lower infection rates in cleft lip or palate reconstructions.
KW - Cleft lip reconstruction
KW - Cleft palate reconstruction
KW - Innate immunity
KW - Innate lymphoid cells
KW - Oral mucosa immunity
KW - Oral tissue microenvironment
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.081
DO - 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.081
M3 - Article
C2 - 27664878
AN - SCOPUS:84979917477
SN - 0022-4804
VL - 205
SP - 312
EP - 317
JO - Journal of Surgical Research
JF - Journal of Surgical Research
IS - 2
ER -