@article{f344e5f9b9784befaa0ef7787a4e1f5c,
title = "Intranasal infusion of GD3 and GM1 gangliosides downregulates alpha-synuclein and controls tyrosine hydroxylase gene in a PD model mouse",
abstract = "Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by Lewy bodies (composed predominantly of alpha-synuclein [aSyn]) and loss of pigmented midbrain dopaminergic neurons comprising the nigrostriatal pathway. Most PD patients show significant deficiency of gangliosides, including GM1, in the brain, and GM1 ganglioside appears to keep dopaminergic neurons functioning properly. Thus, supplementation of GM1 could potentially provide some rescuing effects. In this study, we demonstrate that intranasal infusion of GD3 and GM1 gangliosides reduces intracellular aSyn levels. GM1 also significantly enhances expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the A53T aSyn overexpressing mouse, following restored nuclear expression of nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1, also known as NR4A2), an essential transcription factor for differentiation, maturation, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. GM1 induces epigenetic activation of the TH gene, including augmentation of acetylated histones and recruitment of Nurr1 to the TH promoter region. Our data indicate that intranasal administration of gangliosides could reduce neurotoxic proteins and restore functional neurons via modulating chromatin status by nuclear gangliosides.",
keywords = "GD3 ganglioside, GM1 ganglioside, Parkinson's disease, alpha-synuclein, dopaminergic neuron, epigenetic regulation, ganglioside therapy, hualpha-Syn, mitochondrion, nurr1, tyrosine hydroxylase",
author = "Yutaka Itokazu and Takahiro Fuchigami and Morgan, {John C.} and Yu, {Robert K}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by a National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant (R01 NS100839 to R.K.Y.) and by a Sheffield Memorial Grant of the CSRA Parkinson's Disease Support Group (to R.K.Y.). We thank Dr. Toshio Ariga and Dr. Dongpei Li for excellent technical support. The authors also wish to acknowledge the excellent infrastructural support of the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (Chair Dr. Xin-Yun Lu), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, which made this investigation possible. Y.I. T.F. J.C.M. and R.K.Y. provided conceptual framework and participated in the design of experiments and interpretation of the results; Y.I. and T.F. performed experiments and analyzed the data; Y.I. and T.F. prepared figures; Y.I. T.F. J.C.M. and R.K.Y. were actively involved in regular discussions that determined the research direction; R.K.Y. and Y.I. drafted the manuscript; and Y.I. T.F. J.C.M. and R.K.Y. approved the final version of manuscript. The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: This work was supported by a National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant ( R01 NS100839 to R.K.Y.) and by a Sheffield Memorial Grant of the CSRA Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease Support Group (to R.K.Y.). We thank Dr. Toshio Ariga and Dr. Dongpei Li for excellent technical support. The authors also wish to acknowledge the excellent infrastructural support of the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (Chair Dr. Xin-Yun Lu), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, which made this investigation possible. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021",
year = "2021",
month = oct,
day = "6",
doi = "10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.005",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "29",
pages = "3059--3071",
journal = "Molecular Therapy",
issn = "1525-0016",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "10",
}