Leucine 42 in the fibronectin motif of streptokinase plays a critical role in fibrin-independent plasminogen activation

The NH₂ terminus (residues 1-59) of streptokinase (SK) is a molecular switch that permits fibrin-independent plasminogen activation. Targeted mutations were made in recombinant (r) SK1-59 to identify structural interactions required for this process. Mutagenesis established the functional roles of Phe-37and Glu-39, which were projected to interact with microplasmin in the activator complex. Mutation of Leu-42 (rSK1-59(L42A)), a conserved residue in the SK fibronectin motif that lacks interactions with microplasmin, strongly reduced plasminogen activation (k(cat) decreased 50-fold) but not arnidolysis (k(cat) decreased 1.5-fold). Otherwise rSK1-59(L42A) and native rSK1-59 were indistinguishable in several parameters. Both displayed saturable and specific binding to Glu-plasminogen or the remaining SK fragment (rSKA59). Similarly rSK1-59 and rSK1-59(L42A) bound simultaneously to two different plasminogen molecules, indicating that both plasminogen binding sites were intact. However, when bound to SKΔ59, rSK1-59(L42A) was less effective than rSK1-59 in restructuring the native conformation of the SK A domain, as detected by conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies. In the light of previous studies, these data provide evidence that SK1-59 contributes to fibrin-independent plasminogen activation through 1) intermolecular inter-actions with the plasmin in the activator complex, 2) binding interactions with the plasminogen substrate, and 3) intramolecular interactions that structure the A domain of SK for Pg substrate processing.