Stocks and flows of PBDEs in products from use to waste in the U.S. and canada from 1970 to 2020

Golnoush Abbasi, Andreas M. Buser, Anna Soehl, Michael W. Murray, Miriam L. Diamond

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

208 Scopus citations

Abstract

The time-dependent stock of PBDEs contained in in-use products (excluding building materials and large vehicles) was estimated for the U.S. and Canada from 1970 to 2020 based on product consumption patterns, PBDE contents, and product lifespan. The stocks of penta- and octaBDE peaked in in-use products at 17 000 (95% confidence interval: 6000-70 000) and 4000 (1000-50 000) tonnes in 2004, respectively, and for decaBDE at 140 000 (40 000-300 000) tonnes in 2008. Products dominating PBDE usage were polyurethane foam used in furniture (65% of pentaBDE), casings of electrical and electronic equipment or EEE (80% of octaBDE), and EEE and automotive seating (35% of decaBDE for each category). The largest flow of PBDEs in products, excluding automotive sector, to the waste phase occurred between 2005 and 2008 at ∼10 000 tonnes per year. Total consumption of penta-, octa-, and decaBDE from 1970 to 2020 in products considered was estimated at ∼46 000, ∼25 000, and ∼380 000 tonnes, respectively. Per capita usage was estimated at 10-250, 10-150, and 200-2000 g·capita-1·y-1 for penta-, octa-, and decaBDE, respectively, over the time span. Considering only the first use (no reuse and/or storage) of PBDE-containing products, approximately 60% of the stock of PBDEs in 2014 or ∼70 000 tonnes, of which 95% is decaBDE, will remain in the use phase in 2020. Total emissions to air of all PBDEs from the in-use product stock was estimated at 70-700 tonnes between 1970 and 2020, with annual emissions of 0.4-4 tonnes·y-1 for each of penta- and octaBDE and 0.35-3.5 tonnes·y-1 for decaBDE in 2014.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1521-1528
Number of pages8
JournalEnvironmental Science and Technology
Volume49
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 3 2015
Externally publishedYes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Chemistry
  • Environmental Chemistry

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