A Landscape Analysis of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Services in Africa

Background: There is geographic disparity in the provision of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease (PCHD) services; Africa accounts for only 1% of global cardiothoracic surgical capacity. Methods: We conducted a survey of PCHD services in Africa, to investigate institution and national-level resources for pediatric cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery. Results were compared with international guidelines for PCHD services and institutions were ranked by a composite score for low- and middle-income PCHD services. Results: There were 124 respondents from 96 institutions in 45 countries. Eighteen (40%) countries provided a full PCHD service including interventional cardiology and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cardiac surgery. Ten countries (22%) provided cardiac surgery services but no interventional cardiology service, 4 of which did not have CPB facilities. One provided interventional cardiology services but no cardiac surgery service. Ten countries (22%) had no PCHD service. There were 0.04 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.00-0.13) pediatric cardiothoracic surgeons and 0.17 (IQR: 0.02-0.35) pediatric cardiologists per million population. No institution met all criteria for level 5 PCHD national referral centers, and 8/87 (9.2%) met the criteria for level 4 regional referral centers. Thirteen (29%) countries report both pediatric cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery fellowship training programs. Conclusions: Only 18 (40%) countries provided full PCHD services. The number of pediatric cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons is below international recommendations. Only Libya and Mauritius have the recommended 2 pediatric cardiologists per million population, and no country meets the recommended 1.25 cardiothoracic surgeons per million. There is a significant shortage of fellowship training programs which must be addressed if PCHD capacity is to be increased.