Evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on the repair of alveolar ridge defects in baboons

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate alveolar ridge augmentation following surgical implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) using two novel space-providing carrier technologies in the baboon (Papio anubis) model. Methods: Standardized alveolar ridge defects (∼15 × 8 × 5 mm) were surgically produced in maxillary and mandibular edentulous areas in four baboons. The defect sites were implanted with rhBMP-2 (0.4 mg/mL) in a tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite/absorbable collagen sponge composite (TCP/HA/ACS) or calcium phosphate cement (α-BSM). Control treatments were TCP/HA/ACS and α-BSM without rhBMP-2 and sham surgery. Stainless steel pins were placed at the mid-apical and coronal level of the defect sites to provide landmarks for clinical measurements pre- and post-implantation. Impressions were obtained pre- and post-implantation to determine changes in alveolar ridge volume. Radiographic registrations were obtained pre- and post-implantation. Block sections of the defect sites were harvested at week 16 post-implantation and processed for histometric analysis including new bone area and bone density. Statistical comparisons between treatments were made using a mixed effect generalized linear model using least squares estimation. Results: The carrier systems without rhBMP-2 provided a modest ridge augmentation. The addition of rhBMP-2 resulted in an almost 2-fold increase in alveolar ridge width, including a greater percentage of trabecular bone and a higher bone density compared to controls (P≤0.05) without significant differences between the two rhBMP-2 protocols. Conclusions: TCP/HA/ACS and αBSM appear to be suitable carrier technologies for rhBMP-2. Alveolar augmentation procedures using either technology combined with rhBMP-2, rather than stand-alone therapies, may provide clinically relevant augmentation of alveolar ridge defects for placement of endosseous dental implants.