Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins

Tomohiro Hoshika; Yoshihiro Nishitani; Masahiro Yoshiyama; William O. Key; William Brantley; Kelli A. Agee; Lorenzo Breschi; Milena Cadenaro; Franklin R. Tay; Frederick Rueggeberg; David H. Pashley

doi:10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.365

Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins

Tomohiro Hoshika, Yoshihiro Nishitani, Masahiro Yoshiyama, William O. Key, William Brantley, Kelli A. Agee, Lorenzo Breschi, Milena Cadenaro, Franklin R. Tay, Frederick Rueggeberg, David H. Pashley

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

21 Scopus citations

Abstract

Objective. Adding antimicrobial/anti-MMP quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) tocomonomer blends should not weaken the mechanical properties of dental resins. This workevaluated the degree conversion and mechanical properties of BisGMA/TEGDMA/HEMA(60:30:10) containing 0-15 mass% QAMs A-E (A: 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammo-nium chloride; B: [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride; C: [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride; D: diallyldimethyl ammoniumchloride; E: 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate.

Methods. Unfilled resins with and without QAM were placed on ATR-FTIR and light-polymerized for 20 s in a thin film at 30°C. Unfilled resin beams were casted from squarehollow glass tubings. Half of the beams were tested after 3 days of drying (control); the otherhalf were tested wet after 3 days of water storage.

Results. Addition of QAMs in control resins significantly increased conversion 600 s afterlight termination, with the exception of 5% MAPTAC (p < 0.05). Increase of QAM contentwithin a formulation significantly increased conversion. Control beams gave dry Young'smoduli of ∼700 MPa. Addition of 5, 10 or 15 mass% QAMs produced significant reductionsin dry Young's moduli except for 5% B or C. 15 mass% A, B and C lowered the wet Young'smoduli of the resin beams by more than 30%. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of controldry resin was 89 ± 11 MPa. Addition of 5-10 mass% QAMs had no adverse effect on the dryUTS. After water storage, the UTS of all resin blends fell significantly (p < 0.05), especiallywhen 15 wt% QAMs was added. Control dry beams gave fracture toughness (K_IC) values of0.88 ± 0.1 MPa m^1/2. Wet values were significantly higher at 1.02 ± 0.06 (p < 0.05). K_IC of dry beams varied from 0.85 ± 0.08 at 5% QAMs to 0.49 ± 0.05 at 15% QAMs. Wet beams gave K_IC values of 1.02 ± 0.06 MPa m^1/2 that fell to 0.23 ± 0.01 at 15% QAMs.

Significance. Addition of 10% QAMs increased the degree of conversion of unfilled resins, but lowered wet toughness and UTS; addition of 15% QAMs lowered the mechanical properties of wet resins below acceptable levels.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1213-1223
Number of pages	11
Journal	Dental Materials
Volume	30
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.365
State	Published - Nov 1 2014

Keywords

Dry-testing
Fracture toughness
Percent-conversion
Quaternary ammonium
TPO
Ultimate tensile strength
Wet-testing
Young's modulus
methacrylates

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Materials Science(all)
Dentistry(all)
Mechanics of Materials

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10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.365

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@article{86e1829440154aa9a4a48f8617981819,

title = "Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins",

abstract = "Objective. Adding antimicrobial/anti-MMP quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) tocomonomer blends should not weaken the mechanical properties of dental resins. This workevaluated the degree conversion and mechanical properties of BisGMA/TEGDMA/HEMA(60:30:10) containing 0-15 mass% QAMs A-E (A: 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammo-nium chloride; B: [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride; C: [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride; D: diallyldimethyl ammoniumchloride; E: 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate.Methods. Unfilled resins with and without QAM were placed on ATR-FTIR and light-polymerized for 20 s in a thin film at 30°C. Unfilled resin beams were casted from squarehollow glass tubings. Half of the beams were tested after 3 days of drying (control); the otherhalf were tested wet after 3 days of water storage.Results. Addition of QAMs in control resins significantly increased conversion 600 s afterlight termination, with the exception of 5% MAPTAC (p < 0.05). Increase of QAM contentwithin a formulation significantly increased conversion. Control beams gave dry Young'smoduli of ∼700 MPa. Addition of 5, 10 or 15 mass% QAMs produced significant reductionsin dry Young's moduli except for 5% B or C. 15 mass% A, B and C lowered the wet Young'smoduli of the resin beams by more than 30%. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of controldry resin was 89 ± 11 MPa. Addition of 5-10 mass% QAMs had no adverse effect on the dryUTS. After water storage, the UTS of all resin blends fell significantly (p < 0.05), especiallywhen 15 wt% QAMs was added. Control dry beams gave fracture toughness (KIC) values of0.88 ± 0.1 MPa m1/2. Wet values were significantly higher at 1.02 ± 0.06 (p < 0.05). KIC of dry beams varied from 0.85 ± 0.08 at 5% QAMs to 0.49 ± 0.05 at 15% QAMs. Wet beams gave KIC values of 1.02 ± 0.06 MPa m1/2 that fell to 0.23 ± 0.01 at 15% QAMs.Significance. Addition of 10% QAMs increased the degree of conversion of unfilled resins, but lowered wet toughness and UTS; addition of 15% QAMs lowered the mechanical properties of wet resins below acceptable levels.",

keywords = "Dry-testing, Fracture toughness, Percent-conversion, Quaternary ammonium, TPO, Ultimate tensile strength, Wet-testing, Young's modulus, methacrylates",

author = "Tomohiro Hoshika and Yoshihiro Nishitani and Masahiro Yoshiyama and Key, {William O.} and William Brantley and Agee, {Kelli A.} and Lorenzo Breschi and Milena Cadenaro and Tay, {Franklin R.} and Frederick Rueggeberg and Pashley, {David H.}",

note = "Funding Information: The authors thank Professor Jack Ferracane for the loan of the single-edge notched-beam mold used in this study and ESSTEC for supplying the HEMA and dimethacrylates used in this work. We also thank Professor Jeff Standsbury for hydrogenating some of our QAM/dimethacrylate blends. This work was supported, in part, by USPHS NIH/NIDCR R01 DE015306 (P.I. DP). Professor Pashley serves as a Highly-Cited Scholar to the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulazziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The authors are grateful to Mrs. Michelle Barnes for her secretarial support. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2014 Academy of Dental Materials.",

year = "2014",

month = nov,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.365",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "30",

pages = "1213--1223",

journal = "Dental Materials",

issn = "0109-5641",

publisher = "Elsevier Science",

number = "11",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins

AU - Hoshika, Tomohiro

AU - Nishitani, Yoshihiro

AU - Yoshiyama, Masahiro

AU - Key, William O.

AU - Brantley, William

AU - Agee, Kelli A.

AU - Breschi, Lorenzo

AU - Cadenaro, Milena

AU - Tay, Franklin R.

AU - Rueggeberg, Frederick

AU - Pashley, David H.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank Professor Jack Ferracane for the loan of the single-edge notched-beam mold used in this study and ESSTEC for supplying the HEMA and dimethacrylates used in this work. We also thank Professor Jeff Standsbury for hydrogenating some of our QAM/dimethacrylate blends. This work was supported, in part, by USPHS NIH/NIDCR R01 DE015306 (P.I. DP). Professor Pashley serves as a Highly-Cited Scholar to the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulazziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The authors are grateful to Mrs. Michelle Barnes for her secretarial support. Publisher Copyright: © 2014 Academy of Dental Materials.

PY - 2014/11/1

Y1 - 2014/11/1

N2 - Objective. Adding antimicrobial/anti-MMP quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) tocomonomer blends should not weaken the mechanical properties of dental resins. This workevaluated the degree conversion and mechanical properties of BisGMA/TEGDMA/HEMA(60:30:10) containing 0-15 mass% QAMs A-E (A: 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammo-nium chloride; B: [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride; C: [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride; D: diallyldimethyl ammoniumchloride; E: 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate.Methods. Unfilled resins with and without QAM were placed on ATR-FTIR and light-polymerized for 20 s in a thin film at 30°C. Unfilled resin beams were casted from squarehollow glass tubings. Half of the beams were tested after 3 days of drying (control); the otherhalf were tested wet after 3 days of water storage.Results. Addition of QAMs in control resins significantly increased conversion 600 s afterlight termination, with the exception of 5% MAPTAC (p < 0.05). Increase of QAM contentwithin a formulation significantly increased conversion. Control beams gave dry Young'smoduli of ∼700 MPa. Addition of 5, 10 or 15 mass% QAMs produced significant reductionsin dry Young's moduli except for 5% B or C. 15 mass% A, B and C lowered the wet Young'smoduli of the resin beams by more than 30%. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of controldry resin was 89 ± 11 MPa. Addition of 5-10 mass% QAMs had no adverse effect on the dryUTS. After water storage, the UTS of all resin blends fell significantly (p < 0.05), especiallywhen 15 wt% QAMs was added. Control dry beams gave fracture toughness (KIC) values of0.88 ± 0.1 MPa m1/2. Wet values were significantly higher at 1.02 ± 0.06 (p < 0.05). KIC of dry beams varied from 0.85 ± 0.08 at 5% QAMs to 0.49 ± 0.05 at 15% QAMs. Wet beams gave KIC values of 1.02 ± 0.06 MPa m1/2 that fell to 0.23 ± 0.01 at 15% QAMs.Significance. Addition of 10% QAMs increased the degree of conversion of unfilled resins, but lowered wet toughness and UTS; addition of 15% QAMs lowered the mechanical properties of wet resins below acceptable levels.

AB - Objective. Adding antimicrobial/anti-MMP quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) tocomonomer blends should not weaken the mechanical properties of dental resins. This workevaluated the degree conversion and mechanical properties of BisGMA/TEGDMA/HEMA(60:30:10) containing 0-15 mass% QAMs A-E (A: 2-acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammo-nium chloride; B: [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride; C: [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride; D: diallyldimethyl ammoniumchloride; E: 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyltrimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate.Methods. Unfilled resins with and without QAM were placed on ATR-FTIR and light-polymerized for 20 s in a thin film at 30°C. Unfilled resin beams were casted from squarehollow glass tubings. Half of the beams were tested after 3 days of drying (control); the otherhalf were tested wet after 3 days of water storage.Results. Addition of QAMs in control resins significantly increased conversion 600 s afterlight termination, with the exception of 5% MAPTAC (p < 0.05). Increase of QAM contentwithin a formulation significantly increased conversion. Control beams gave dry Young'smoduli of ∼700 MPa. Addition of 5, 10 or 15 mass% QAMs produced significant reductionsin dry Young's moduli except for 5% B or C. 15 mass% A, B and C lowered the wet Young'smoduli of the resin beams by more than 30%. The ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of controldry resin was 89 ± 11 MPa. Addition of 5-10 mass% QAMs had no adverse effect on the dryUTS. After water storage, the UTS of all resin blends fell significantly (p < 0.05), especiallywhen 15 wt% QAMs was added. Control dry beams gave fracture toughness (KIC) values of0.88 ± 0.1 MPa m1/2. Wet values were significantly higher at 1.02 ± 0.06 (p < 0.05). KIC of dry beams varied from 0.85 ± 0.08 at 5% QAMs to 0.49 ± 0.05 at 15% QAMs. Wet beams gave KIC values of 1.02 ± 0.06 MPa m1/2 that fell to 0.23 ± 0.01 at 15% QAMs.Significance. Addition of 10% QAMs increased the degree of conversion of unfilled resins, but lowered wet toughness and UTS; addition of 15% QAMs lowered the mechanical properties of wet resins below acceptable levels.

KW - Dry-testing

KW - Fracture toughness

KW - Percent-conversion

KW - Quaternary ammonium

KW - TPO

KW - Ultimate tensile strength

KW - Wet-testing

KW - Young's modulus

KW - methacrylates

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Effects of quaternary ammonium-methacrylates on the mechanical properties of unfilled resins

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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