Abstract
Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Original language | English (US) |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 1160-1203 |
Number of pages | 44 |
Journal | The Lancet |
Volume | 396 |
Issue number | 10258 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Oct 17 2020 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Medicine
Access to Document
Other files and links
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.Cite this
- APA
- Standard
- Harvard
- Vancouver
- Author
- BIBTEX
- RIS
In: The Lancet, Vol. 396, No. 10258, 17.10.2020, p. 1160-1203.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019
T2 - a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
AU - Wang, Haidong
AU - Abbas, Kaja M.
AU - Abbasifard, Mitra
AU - Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
AU - Abbastabar, Hedayat
AU - Abd-Allah, Foad
AU - Abdelalim, Ahmed
AU - Abolhassani, Hassan
AU - Abreu, Lucas Guimarães
AU - Abrigo, Michael R.M.
AU - Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.
AU - Adabi, Maryam
AU - Adair, Tim
AU - Adebayo, Oladimeji M.
AU - Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi
AU - Adekanmbi, Victor
AU - Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood
AU - Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.
AU - Advani, Shailesh M.
AU - Afshin, Ashkan
AU - Aghaali, Mohammad
AU - Agrawal, Anurag
AU - Ahmadi, Keivan
AU - Ahmadieh, Hamid
AU - Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
AU - Al-Aly, Ziyad
AU - Alam, Khurshid
AU - Alam, Tahiya
AU - Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
AU - Alanzi, Turki M.
AU - Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
AU - Ali, Muhammad
AU - Alicandro, Gianfranco
AU - Alijanzadeh, Mehran
AU - Alinia, Cyrus
AU - Alipour, Vahid
AU - Alizade, Hesam
AU - Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
AU - Allebeck, Peter
AU - Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad
AU - Almasi-Hashiani, Amir
AU - Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
AU - Altirkawi, Khalid A.
AU - Alumran, Arwa Khalid
AU - Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
AU - Amini-Rarani, Mostafa
AU - Aminorroaya, Arya
AU - Amit, Arianna Maever L.
AU - Ancuceanu, Robert
AU - Andrei, Catalina Liliana
AU - Androudi, Sofia
AU - Angus, Colin
AU - Anjomshoa, Mina
AU - Ansari, Fereshteh
AU - Ansari, Iman
AU - Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza
AU - Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
AU - Antony, Catherine M.
AU - Anvari, Davood
AU - Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw
AU - Arabloo, Jalal
AU - Arab-Zozani, Morteza
AU - Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.
AU - Aremu, Olatunde
AU - Ärnlöv, Johan
AU - Aryal, Krishna K.
AU - Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.
AU - Asgari, Samaneh
AU - Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad
AU - Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan
AU - Ausloos, Marcel
AU - Avila-Burgos, Leticia
AU - Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur
AU - Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina
AU - Ayano, Getinet
AU - Ayanore, Martin Amogre
AU - Azarian, Ghasem
AU - Babaee, Ebrahim
AU - Badiye, Ashish D.
AU - Bagli, Eleni
AU - Bahrami, Mohammad Amin
AU - Bakhtiari, Ahad
AU - Balassyano, Shelly
AU - Banach, Maciej
AU - Banik, Palash Chandra
AU - Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn
AU - Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
AU - Barzegar, Akbar
AU - Basu, Sanjay
AU - Baune, Bernhard T.
AU - Bayati, Mohsen
AU - Bazmandegan, Gholamreza
AU - Bedi, Neeraj
AU - Bell, Michellr L.
AU - Bennett, Derrick A.
AU - Bensenor, Isabela M.
AU - Berhe, Kidanemaryam
AU - Berman, Adam E.
AU - Bertolacci, Gregory J.
AU - Bhageerathy, Reshmi
AU - Bhala, Neeraj
AU - Bhattacharyya, Krittika
AU - Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
AU - Bijani, Ali
AU - Biondi, Antonio
AU - Bisanzio, Donal
AU - Bisignano, Catherine
AU - Biswas, Raaj Kishore
AU - Bjørge, Tone
AU - Bohlouli, Somayeh
AU - Bohluli, Mehdi
AU - Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao
AU - Borzì, Antonio Maria
AU - Borzouei, Shiva
AU - Brady, Oliver J.
AU - Braithwaite, Dejana
AU - Brauer, Michael
AU - Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich
AU - Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
AU - Bumgarner, Blair R.
AU - Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath
AU - Butt, Zahid A.
AU - Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano
AU - Cai, Tianji
AU - Callender, Charlton SKH
AU - Cámera, Luis LA Alberto
AU - Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.
AU - Cárdenas, Rosario
AU - Carreras, Giulia
AU - Carrero, Juan J.
AU - Carvalho, Felix
AU - Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio
AU - Castelpietra, Giulio
AU - Castro, Franz
AU - Catalá-López, Ferrán
AU - Cederroth, Christopher R.
AU - Cerin, Ester
AU - Chattu, Vijay Kumar
AU - Chin, Ken Lee
AU - Chu, Dinh Toi
AU - Ciobanu, Liliana G.
AU - Cirillo, Massimo
AU - Comfort, Haley
AU - Costa, Vera Marisa
AU - Cowden, Richard G.
AU - Cromwell, Elizabeth A.
AU - Croneberger, Andrew J.
AU - Cunningham, Matthew
AU - Dahlawi, Saad M.A.
AU - Damiani, Giovanni
AU - D'Amico, Emanuele
AU - Dandona, Lalit
AU - Dandona, Rakhi
AU - Dargan, Paul I.
AU - Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
AU - Daryani, Ahmad
AU - Das Gupta, Rajat
AU - das Neves, José
AU - Davletov, Kairat
AU - De Leo, Diego
AU - Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
AU - Deribe, Kebede
AU - Dervenis, Nikolaos
AU - Desai, Rupak
AU - Dhungana, Govinda Prasad
AU - Dias da Silva, Diana
AU - Diaz, Daniel
AU - Dippenaar, Ilse N.
AU - Djalalinia, Shirin
AU - Do, Hoa Thi
AU - Dokova, Klara
AU - Doku, David Teye
AU - Dorostkar, Fariba
AU - Doshi, Chirag P.
AU - Doshmangir, Leila
AU - Doyle, Kerrie E.
AU - Dubljanin, Eleonora
AU - Duraes, Andre Rodrigues
AU - Edvardsson, David
AU - Effiong, Andem
AU - El Sayed, Iman
AU - El Tantawi, Maha
AU - Elbarazi, Iffat
AU - El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.
AU - Emamian, Mohammad Hassan
AU - Eskandarieh, Sharareh
AU - Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz
AU - Estep, Kara
AU - Farahmand, Mohammad
AU - Faraj, Anwar
AU - Fareed, Mohammad
AU - Faridnia, Roghiyeh
AU - Faro, Andre
AU - Farzadfar, Farshad
AU - Fattahi, Nazir
AU - Fazaeli, Ali Akbar
AU - Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
AU - Feigin, Valery L.
AU - Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad
AU - Fernandes, Eduarda
AU - Ferreira, Manuela L.
AU - Filip, Irina
AU - Fischer, Florian
AU - Flohr, Carsten
AU - Foigt, Nataliya A.
AU - Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
AU - Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich
AU - Freitas, Marisa
AU - Fukumoto, Takeshi
AU - Fuller, John E.
AU - Furtado, João M.
AU - Gad, Mohamed M.
AU - Gakidou, Emmanuela
AU - Gallus, Silvano
AU - Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen
AU - Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork
AU - Gething, Peter W.
AU - Ghamari, Farhad
AU - Ghashghaee, Ahmad
AU - Gholamian, Asadollah
AU - Gilani, Syed Amir
AU - Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan
AU - Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna
AU - Gnedovskaya, Elena V.
AU - Gopalani, Sameer Vali
AU - Goulart, Alessandra C.
AU - Gugnani, Harish Chander
AU - Guo, Yuming
AU - Gupta, Rajeev
AU - Gupta, Subodh Sharan
AU - Haagsma, Juanita A.
AU - Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin
AU - Haj-Mirzaian, Arya
AU - Halvaei, Iman
AU - Hamadeh, Randah R.
AU - Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan
AU - Han, Chieh
AU - Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes
AU - Hankey, Graeme J.
AU - Haririan, Hamidreza
AU - Haro, Josep Maria
AU - Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
AU - Hassanipour, Soheil
AU - Hassankhani, Hadi
AU - Hay, Simon I.
AU - Heibati, Behzad
AU - Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza
AU - Henny, Kiana
AU - Henry, Nathaniel J.
AU - Herteliu, Claudiu
AU - Heydarpour, Fatemeh
AU - Hole, Michael K.
AU - Hoogar, Praveen
AU - Hosgood, H. Dean
AU - Hossain, Naznin
AU - Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
AU - Hostiuc, Mihaela
AU - Hostiuc, Sorin
AU - Househ, Mowafa
AU - Hoy, Damian G.
AU - Hu, Guoqing
AU - Huda, Tanvir M.
AU - Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
AU - Ikuta, Kevin S.
AU - Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
AU - Ilic, Irena M.
AU - Ilic, Milena D.
AU - Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan
AU - Islam, Md Mohaimenul
AU - Iso, Hiroyasu
AU - Iwu, Chinwe Juliana
AU - Jaafari, Jalil
AU - Jacobsen, Kathryn H.
AU - Jahagirdar, Deepa
AU - Jahanmehr, Nader
AU - Jalali, Amir
AU - Jalilian, Farzad
AU - James, Spencer L.
AU - Janjani, Hosna
AU - Jenabi, Ensiyeh
AU - Jha, Ravi Prakash
AU - Jha, Vivekanand
AU - Ji, John S.
AU - Jonas, Jost B.
AU - Joukar, Farahnaz
AU - Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
AU - Jürisson, Mikk
AU - Kabir, Zubair
AU - Kalani, Hamed
AU - Kalankesh, Leila R.
AU - Kamiab, Zahra
AU - Kanchan, Tanuj
AU - Kapoor, Neeti
AU - Karch, André
AU - Karimi, Salah Eddin
AU - Karimi, Seyed Asaad
AU - Kassebaum, Nicholas J.
AU - Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
AU - Kawakami, Norito
AU - Kayode, Gbenga A.
AU - Keiyoro, Peter Njenga
AU - Keller, Cathleen
AU - Khader, Yousef Saleh
AU - Khalid, Nauman
AU - Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
AU - Khan, Maseer
AU - Khang, Young Ho
AU - Khater, Amir M.
AU - Khater, Mona M.
AU - Khazaei, Salman
AU - Khazaie, Habibolah
AU - Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi
AU - Khubchandani, Jagdish
AU - Kianipour, Neda
AU - Kim, Cho il
AU - Kim, Young Eun
AU - Kim, Yun Jin
AU - Kinfu, Yohannes
AU - Kisa, Adnan
AU - Kisa, Sezer
AU - Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna
AU - Kivimäki, Mika
AU - Komaki, Hamidreza
AU - Kopec, Jacek A.
AU - Kosen, Soewarta
AU - Koul, Parvaiz A.
AU - Koyanagi, Ai
AU - Kravchenko, Michael A.
AU - Krishan, Kewal
AU - Krohn, Kris J.
AU - Kuate Defo, Barthelemy
AU - Kumar, G. Anil
AU - Kumar, Manasi
AU - Kumar, Pushpendra
AU - Kumar, Vivek
AU - Kusuma, Dian
AU - Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe
AU - La Vecchia, Carlo
AU - Lacey, Ben
AU - Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
AU - Lalloo, Ratilal
AU - Lami, Faris Hasan
AU - Lansky, Sonia
AU - Larson, Samantha Leigh
AU - Larsson, Anders O.
AU - Lasrado, Savita
AU - Lassi, Zohra S.
AU - Lazarus, Jeffrey V.
AU - Lee, Paul H.
AU - Lee, Shaun Wen Huey
AU - Leever, Andrew T.
AU - LeGrand, Kate E.
AU - Leonardi, Matilde
AU - Li, Shanshan
AU - Lim, Lee Ling
AU - Lim, Stephen S.
AU - Linn, Shai
AU - Lodha, Rakesh
AU - Logroscino, Giancarlo
AU - Lopez, Alan D.
AU - Lopukhov, Platon D.
AU - Lotufo, Paulo A.
AU - Lozano, Rafael
AU - Lu, Alton
AU - Lunevicius, Raimundas
AU - Madadin, Mohammed
AU - Maddison, Emilie R.
AU - Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan
AU - Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed
AU - Mahasha, Phetole Walter
AU - Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi
AU - Malekzadeh, Reza
AU - Mamun, Abdullah A.
AU - Manafi, Navid
AU - Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz
AU - Mansouri, Borhan
AU - Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
AU - Mapoma, Chabila Christopher
AU - Martini, Santi
AU - Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
AU - Masaka, Anthony
AU - Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.
AU - Mathur, Manu Raj
AU - May, Erin A.
AU - McAlinden, Colm
AU - McGrath, John J.
AU - McKee, Martin
AU - Mehndiratta, Man Mohan
AU - Mehri, Fereshteh
AU - Mehta, Kala M.
AU - Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda
AU - Memiah, Peter T.N.
AU - Mendoza, Walter
AU - Menezes, Ritesh G.
AU - Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku
AU - Mensah, George A.
AU - Meretoja, Atte
AU - Meretoja, Tuomo J.
AU - Mestrovic, Tomislav
AU - Michalek, Irmina Maria
AU - Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu
AU - Miller, Ted R.
AU - Mills, Edward J.
AU - Milne, George J.
AU - Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.
AU - Mirzaei, Hamed
AU - Mirzaei, Maryam
AU - Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi
AU - Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen
AU - Moazen, Babak
AU - Moghadaszadeh, Masoud
AU - Mohamadi, Efat
AU - Mohammad, Dara K.
AU - Mohammad, Yousef
AU - Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser
AU - Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl
AU - Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
AU - Mohammadpourhodki, Reza
AU - Mohammed, Hussen
AU - Mohammed, Shafiu
AU - Mohebi, Farnam
AU - Mohseni Bandpei, Mohammad A.
AU - Mokari, Amin
AU - Mokdad, Ali H.
AU - Momen, Natalie C.
AU - Monasta, Lorenzo
AU - Mooney, Meghan D.
AU - Moradi, Ghobad
AU - Moradi, Masoud
AU - Moradi-Joo, Mohammad
AU - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
AU - Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah
AU - Moraga, Paula
AU - Moreno Velásquez, Ilais
AU - Morgado-da-Costa, Joana
AU - Morrison, Shane Douglas
AU - Mosser, Jonathan F.
AU - Mouodi, Simin
AU - Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam
AU - Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin
AU - Mueller, Ulrich Otto
AU - Musa, Kamarul Imran
AU - Muthupandian, Saravanan
AU - Nabavizadeh, Behnam
AU - Naderi, Mehdi
AU - Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
AU - Naghavi, Mohsen
AU - Naghshtabrizi, Behshad
AU - Naik, Gurudatta
AU - Najafi, Farid
AU - Nangia, Vinay
AU - Nansseu, Jobert Richie
AU - Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith
AU - Negoi, Ionut
AU - Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
AU - Ngunjiri, Josephine W.
AU - Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi
AU - Nguyen, Trang Huyen
AU - Nigatu, Yeshambel T.
AU - Nikbakhsh, Rajan
AU - Nikpoor, Amin Reza
AU - Nixon, Molly R.
AU - Nnaji, Chukwudi A.
AU - Nomura, Shuhei
AU - Noubiap, Jean Jacques
AU - Nouraei Motlagh, Soraya
AU - Nowak, Christoph
AU - Oţoiu, Adrian
AU - Odell, Christopher M.
AU - Oh, In Hwan
AU - Oladnabi, Morteza
AU - Olagunju, Andrew T.
AU - Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola
AU - Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun
AU - Omar Bali, Ahmed
AU - Ong, Kanyin L.
AU - Onwujekwe, Obinna E.
AU - Ortiz, Alberto
AU - Otstavnov, Nikita
AU - Otstavnov, Stanislav S.
AU - Øverland, Simon
AU - Owolabi, Mayowa O.
AU - P A, Mahesh
AU - Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
AU - Pakshir, Keyvan
AU - Palladino, Raffaele
AU - Pana, Adrian
AU - Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
AU - Park, James
AU - Pasupula, Deepak Kumar
AU - Patel, Jenil R.
AU - Patel, Sangram Kishor
AU - Patton, George C.
AU - Paulson, Katherine R.
AU - Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza
AU - Pease, Spencer A.
AU - Peden, Amy E.
AU - Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino
AU - Peprah, Emmanuel K.
AU - Pereira, Alexandre
AU - Pereira, David M.
AU - Perico, Norberto
AU - Pigott, David M.
AU - Pilgrim, Thomas
AU - Pilz, Tessa M.
AU - Piradov, Michael A.
AU - Pirsaheb, Meghdad
AU - Pokhrel, Khem Narayan
AU - Postma, Maarten J.
AU - Pourjafar, Hadi
AU - Pourmalek, Farshad
AU - Pourshams, Akram
AU - Poznańska, Anna
AU - Prada, Sergio I.
AU - Prakash, Sanjay
AU - Preotescu, Liliana
AU - Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin
AU - Rabiee, Mohammad
AU - Rabiee, Navid
AU - Radfar, Amir
AU - Rafiei, Alireza
AU - Raggi, Alberto
AU - Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
AU - Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali
AU - Ram, Pradhum
AU - Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
AU - Rao, Sowmya J.
AU - Rasella, Davide
AU - Rashedi, Vahid
AU - Rastogi, Prateek
AU - Rathi, Priya
AU - Rawal, Lal
AU - Remuzzi, Giuseppe
AU - Renjith, Vishnu
AU - Renzaho, Andre M.N.
AU - Resnikoff, Serge
AU - Rezaei, Nima
AU - Rezai, Mohammad sadegh
AU - Rezapour, Aziz
AU - Rickard, Jennifer
AU - Roever, Leonardo
AU - Ronfani, Luca
AU - Roshandel, Gholamreza
AU - Rostamian, Morteza
AU - Rubagotti, Enrico
AU - Rwegerera, Godfrey M.
AU - Sabour, Siamak
AU - Saddik, Basema
AU - Sadeghi, Ehsan
AU - Sadeghi, Masoumeh
AU - Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar
AU - Safari, Yahya
AU - Safi, Sare
AU - Safiri, Saeid
AU - Sagar, Rajesh
AU - Sahebkar, Amirhossein
AU - Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
AU - Sajadi, S. Mohammad
AU - Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza
AU - Salama, Joseph S.
AU - Salamati, Payman
AU - Salem, Marwa R.Rashad
AU - Salimi, Yahya
AU - Salomon, Joshua A.
AU - Salz, Inbal
AU - Samad, Zainab
AU - Samy, Abdallah M.
AU - Sanabria, Juan
AU - Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.
AU - Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
AU - Sartorius, Benn
AU - Sarveazad, Arash
AU - Sathian, Brijesh
AU - Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu
AU - Sattin, Davide
AU - Saylan, Mete
AU - Schaeffer, Lauren E.
AU - Schiavolin, Silvia
AU - Schwebel, David C.
AU - Schwendicke, Falk
AU - Sekerija, Mario
AU - Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta
AU - Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
AU - Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
AU - Serván-Mori, Edson
AU - Shabani, Mahsima
AU - Shahabi, Saeed
AU - Shahbaz, Mohammad
AU - Shaheen, Amira A.
AU - Shaikh, Masood Ali
AU - Shalash, Ali S.
AU - Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran
AU - Shamsi, Mohammad Bagher
AU - Shamsizadeh, Morteza
AU - Shannawaz, Mohammed
AU - Sharafi, Kiomars
AU - Sharafi, Zeinab
AU - Sharara, Fablina
AU - Sharma, Rajesh
AU - Shaw, David H.
AU - Sheikh, Aziz
AU - Shin, Jae Il
AU - Shiri, Rahman
AU - Shrime, Mark G.
AU - Shuval, Kerem
AU - Siabani, Soraya
AU - Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora
AU - Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig
AU - Silva, Diego Augusto Santos
AU - Simonetti, Biagio
AU - Simpson, Kyle E.
AU - Singh, Jasvinder A.
AU - Skiadaresi, Eirini
AU - Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
AU - Soheili, Amin
AU - Sokhan, Anton
AU - Sorensen, Reed J.D.
AU - Soriano, Joan B.
AU - Sorrie, Muluken Bekele
AU - Soyiri, Ireneous N.
AU - Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
AU - Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.
AU - Stockfelt, Leo
AU - Stokes, Mark A.
AU - Stubbs, Jacob L.
AU - Sudaryanto, Agus
AU - Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale
AU - Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan
AU - Sykes, Bryan L.
AU - Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael
AU - Tabb, Karen M.
AU - Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar
AU - Taherkhani, Amir
AU - Tang, Muming
AU - Taveira, Nuno
AU - Taylor, Heather Jean
AU - Teagle, Whitney L.
AU - Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash
AU - Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha
AU - Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse
AU - Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman
AU - Thomas, Nihal
AU - Thrift, Amanda G.
AU - Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna
AU - Tohidinik, Hamid Reza
AU - Tonelli, Marcello
AU - Topor-Madry, Roman
AU - Topouzis, Fotis
AU - Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto
AU - Traini, Eugenio
AU - Tran, Bach Xuan
AU - Travillian, Ravensara
AU - Trias-Llimós, Sergi
AU - Truelsen, Thomas Clement
AU - Tudor Car, Lorainne
AU - Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran
AU - Upadhyay, Era
AU - Vacante, Marco
AU - Vakilian, Alireza
AU - Valdez, Pascual R.
AU - Valli, Alessandro
AU - Vardavas, Constantine
AU - Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
AU - Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales
AU - Vasseghian, Yasser
AU - Veisani, Yousef
AU - Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
AU - Vidale, Simone
AU - Violante, Francesco S.
AU - Vlassov, Vasily
AU - Vollset, Stein Emil
AU - Vos, Theo
AU - Vujcic, Isidora S.
AU - Vukovic, Ana
AU - Vukovic, Rade
AU - Waheed, Yasir
AU - Wallin, Mitchell Taylor
AU - Walters, Magdalene K.
AU - Wang, Hongbo
AU - Wang, Yuan Pang
AU - Watson, Stefanie
AU - Wei, Jingkai
AU - Weiss, Jordan
AU - Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay
AU - Werdecker, Andrea
AU - Westerman, Ronny
AU - Whiteford, Harvey A.
AU - Wiangkham, Taweewat
AU - Wiens, Kirsten E.
AU - Wijeratne, Tissa
AU - Wiysonge, Charles Shey
AU - Wojtyniak, Bogdan
AU - Wolfe, Charles D.A.
AU - Wondmieneh, Adam Belay
AU - Wool, Eve E.
AU - Wu, Ai Min
AU - Wu, Junjie
AU - Xu, Gelin
AU - Yamada, Tomohide
AU - Yamagishi, Kazumasa
AU - Yano, Yuichiro
AU - Yaya, Sanni
AU - Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid
AU - Yearwood, Jamal A.
AU - Yeheyis, Tomas Y.
AU - Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo
AU - Yip, Paul
AU - Yonemoto, Naohiro
AU - Yoon, Seok Jun
AU - Yoosefi Lebni, Javad
AU - York, Hunter W.
AU - Younis, Mustafa Z.
AU - Younker, Theodore Patrick
AU - Yousefi, Zabihollah
AU - Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh
AU - Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf
AU - Yusefzadeh, Hasan
AU - Zahirian Moghadam, Telma
AU - Zakzuk, Josefina
AU - Zaman, Sojib Bin
AU - Zamani, Mohammad
AU - Zamanian, Maryam
AU - Zandian, Hamed
AU - Zhang, Zhi Jiang
AU - Zheng, Peng
AU - Zhou, Maigeng
AU - Ziapour, Arash
AU - Murray, Christopher J.L.
N1 - Funding Information: R Ancuceanu reports consultancy and speakers' fees from UCB Pharmaceuticals, Sandoz, Abbvie, Zentiva, Teva, Laropharm, and Cegedim, outside of the submitted work. M Bell reports grants from the US Environmental Protection Agency, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Wellcome, during the conduct of the study; and Honorarium or travel reimbursement from the NIH (for review of grant proposals), American Journal of Public Health (participation as editor), Global Research Laboratory and Seoul National University, Royal Society, Ohio University, Atmospheric Chemistry Gordon Research Conference, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Arizona State University, Ministry of the Environment Japan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University of Illinois—Champaign, and the University of Tennessee—Knoxville, outside of the submitted work. S James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, and employment from Genentech, outside of the submitted work. V Jha reports grants from Baxter Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Zydus Cadilla, and Biocon, and personal fees from NephroPlus, outside of the submitted work. J J Jozwiak reports personal fees from Amgen, ALAB Laboratoria, Teva, Synexus, and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside of the submitted work. S Katikireddi reports grants from NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship, UK Medical Research Council, and Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, during the conduct of the study. J Mosser reports grants from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study. S Nomura reports grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, both during the conduct of the study and outside of the submitted work. T Pilgrim reports grants and personal fees from Biotronik and from Boston Scientific, and grants from Edwards Lifesciences, outside of the submitted work. M Postma reports grants from BioMerieux, WHO, EU, FIND, Antilope, DIKTI, LPDP, Bayer, and Budi; personal fees from Quintiles, Novartis, and Pharmerit; grants and personal fees from IQVIA, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Seqirus, Sanofi, Merck Sharp & Dohme, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novavax; stocks from Ingress Health, and PAG; and acting as advisor to Asc Academics, all outside of the submitted work. M Şaylan reports employment with Bayer, during the conduct of the study. M Shrime reports grants from Mercy Ships, and Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, outside of the submitted work. J Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care Options, Clearview Healthcare Partners, Putnam Associates, Spherix, Practice Point Communications, NIH, and the American College of Rheumatology; personal fees from Simply Speaking; stock options in Amarin Pharmaceuticals and Viking Pharmaceuticals; membership in the steering committee of OMERACT (an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies), US Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee, and the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee; and non-financial support from UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside of the submitted work. A Thrift reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council Australia, outside of the submitted work. F Topouzis reports grants from Pfizer, Thea, Novartis, Rheon, Omikron, Pharmaten, Bayer, and Bausch & Lomb, and personal fees from Novartis, and Omikron, outside of the submitted work. M Wallin reports serving as a consultant on grants from Rand Corporation, outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (NIH; award P30AG047845), and the National Institute of Mental Health of the NIH (award R01MH110163). This analysis uses data or information from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) pilot micro data and documentation. The development and release of the LASI pilot study was funded by the National Institute on Aging of the NIH (R21AG032572, R03AG043052, and R01AG030153). The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data were included from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study, which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. T Bärnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. D Bennett acknowledges support by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Caravlho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. K Deribe acknowledges support by the Wellcome Trust (201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. M Ferreira acknowledges her research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia. C Flohr acknowledges support by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges the Bio Cultural Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, and Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatgi. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). K Krishan is supported by the UCG Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar acknowledges the Fogarty International Centre and NIH for the K43 award (K43 TW 010716-03). B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). J McGrath acknowledges support by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). W Mendoza acknowledges the Population and Development department at the UN Population Fund Country Office in Peru, which does not necessarily endorse this study. George Milne acknowledges support provided by The University of Western Australia. I Moreno Velásquez acknowledges support by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT, Panamá). U O Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study (BMBF grant number 01ER1801D). S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. G C Patton was supported by a NHMRC fellowship. A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4—Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. D F Santomauro is affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). A Sheikh was supported by Health Data Research UK. J B Soriano is funded by the Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII–FEDER. S Tadakamadla was supported by an NHMRC Early Career Fellowship. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). M Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary. C S Wiysonge was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/10/17
Y1 - 2020/10/17
N2 - Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
AB - Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85092447915&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85092447915&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6
M3 - Article
C2 - 33069325
AN - SCOPUS:85092447915
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 396
SP - 1160
EP - 1203
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 10258
ER -